Age
of Digital Dissonance
The
Misinformed Voter
By Kristoffer J Martin
The 2016 US elections proved
divisive, both in the practical issues common to both presidential
and congressional elections. The methods through which the populace
learned of the candidates played a huge role in their understanding
of current political. In part, these methods relied on digital media.
Many factors go into the political process, and the impacts of
digital technologies on politics is relatively unexplored. Several
issues concerning voting rights, policies, and misinformation were
just as influential on US politics as digital media.
There are
three categories of digital medium that directly concern politics and
elections; 1) social media, such as; Facebook, Twitter, Instagram,
Youtube, etc. 2) News media, including both valid and fake news
sources. Lastly, 3) Alt-news sources, such as; Wikileaks, AnonNews,
Factcheck.org, Poltifact.com, etc. All three types of media were used
in addressing audience in the 2016 election. This shift to digital
media proved more valuable in swaying the voter than formal sources
of news and propaganda. Social media played a major role in the
efforts of all political parties, and ostensibly relied upon
confirmation bias, along with limited media scope, in creating narrow
perception of individual candidates and social issues.
In
their study The Spreading of Misinformation Online
Michela Del Vicarioa, and Alessandro Bessib, (et al)
discussed the impact of misinformation and fake news sources in
social media. In their foreword of their study they state “The wide
availability of user-provided content in online social media
facilitates the aggregation of people around common interests,
worldviews, and narratives. However, the World Wide Web (WWW) also
allows for the rapid dissemination of unsubstantiated rumors and
conspiracy theories that often elicit rapid, large, but naive social
responses...” User provided content is a key aspect to social
media, conflating opinion with fact and ultimately obfuscating the
truth.
Obfuscation
of facts with opinion is only a small part of the puzzle revolving
around digital media. In the case of Facebook, tailored news sources
designed to target a user based on their digital footprint is often
the cause for gaps in factual information. Facebook was the number
one source for election news in 2016, especially among millennials.
Tailored news and advertising sources targeted at specific
demographics laid the path for misinformation and the dissemination
of false news sites. Click-bait news sources used vague or false news
headlines to spur a specific political agenda, especially regarding
Hillary Clinton with her leaked email scandal, or against President
Obama extending specific racist talking points, all the while gaining
profits through ad-revenue. It is no wonder the authors of The
Spreading of Misinformation Online
concluded; “Digital misinformation has become so pervasive in
online social media that it has been listed by the [World Economic
Forum] as one of the main threats to human society. Whether a news
item, either substantiated or not, is accepted as true by a user may
be strongly affected by social norms or by how much it coheres with
the user’s system of beliefs...” However, social media, such as
Twitter, often worked in opposition to the spread of misinformation.
By and large, Twitter, being a spur of the moment form of
interaction, allowed for immediate refutation of false claims by
politicians. This is especially true of the President-Elect Donald
Trump’s tweets. On numerous occasions Trump tweeted false claims,
often to be met with rebuke. Twitter also served as a highlight reel
for some of Trump’s more outlandish statements and exposed his lack
of knowledge and political experience.
Beyond
the scope of social media, other digital sources played a major role
in this election cycle. Classic media sources (commonly called
Mainstream Media), such as CNN, MSNBC, top network news channels, Fox
News, and newspapers also reported on scandal rather than present
facts. The spin of the mainstream media is just as suspect as
fake-news sources found throughout social media. This is in part due
to their need to reach an audience that’s moved away from formerly
reliable sources, such as; cable and network television, printed news
and their respected web presence. The very nature of SEO targeting
and ad population as a revenue source drove the propagation of false,
misleading, or vague news reports. The ability for mainstream media
to deliver content works on the same principles as fake-news found
throughout social media. Classic news sources, to compete with online
news media, are forced to rely on sensationalized reporting. In many
ways, this reflects the advent of click-bait news sources.
Bearing
this in mind, alt-news sources can potentially fill in the
reality-check for both
mainstream media and fake-news sources shared via social media.
Unfortunately, alt-news sources are plagued with the same issue the
previous two media types contended with during this election cycle,
leaving the audience to discern what is real and what was fake. “Many
mechanisms cause false information to gain acceptance, which in turn
generate false beliefs that, once adopted by an individual, are
highly resistant to correction... findings show that users mostly
tend to select and share content related to a specific narrative and
to ignore the rest... Most of the times the information is taken by a
friend having the same profile (polarization)––i.e., belonging to
the same echo chamber.”(Del Vicarioa, et al). Despite there being
news sources which, in the case of Politifact and Factcheck.org,
which act to fact check and correct false information, these sources
still rely upon the audience to utilize them. If a person on social
media retain their confirmation bias , and to an extent rely upon
false consensus bias, and the news they’re reading affirms their
beliefs, they tend not to seek out fact checking sources. When
presented with such sources debunking the media that affirm their
beliefs, they are quick to attack the fact checking source.
In
his 2010 article How Facts Backfire
Joe Keohane discussed the political research done by University of
Michigan political scientist Brendan Nyhan. From 2005-’06, Nyhan
conducted a study where participants with partisan political views
were given fact corrected news stories. The study found, despite
being corrected, the news articles rarely ever changed the
participant’s mind. “In fact, they often became even more
strongly set in their beliefs. Facts, they found, were not curing
misinformation. Like an under-powered antibiotic, facts could
actually make misinformation even stronger”(Keohane). Nyhan
suggested it is threatening to admit you’re wrong. When facts
contradict strongly held beliefs, the presented facts tend to
backfire as a natural
defense against cognitive dissonance (Nyhan). The nature of
confirmation bias is a tool politicians have used throughout history.
It is why propaganda and political attack ads work. Regardless of the
means through which the misinformation is presented, be it social
media like Facebook, or through mainstream media, misinformation
will sway the unassuming or already partisan voter.
The
2016 election cycle did open the door to a different type of digital
tool, digital espionage. Alt-news sources, such as; Wikileaks and
Anonews, propagated leaked and hacked information from unverified
sources. Hillary Clinton’s leaked emails played a huge role in the
disillusionment of liberal leaning voters, the results of which were
some of the lowest voter turn out in US history. If any technological
advancement is a real threat to the election process, it would be
digital espionage.
Hillary’s
email leak actually represent two sides of the same coin when it
comes to digital espionage. There is a surprising positive result
stemming from her emails being leaked, that is the revelation of the
Democratic National Committee’s collusion with Hillary’s
political camp to undermine Bernie Sanders. It illuminated
underhanded tactics systemic of the DNC. In doing so, the leaks will
prosper greater scrutiny over election processes in both the DNC and
GOP. However, the negative side-effect of such leaks drove a dissent
among voters, many of whom felt betrayed by a system in which they
put their faith. Nonetheless hacking and leaking of information is
just another tool in politics and it is nothing new. There are plenty
of historical examples of leaked information curving the popular
opinion of politicians. Some examples include; the Pentagon Papers
(1971), Watergate (1972), the Iran-Contra Affair (1986), the Valarie
Plame Affair (2003), Abu Ghraib (2004), Warrantless Wiretaps (2005),
and the Afghanistan War Diaries (2010). Digital espionage may prove
to be both an invaluable source in exposing the wrong doings
committed by our government, and a detrimental force in our politics.
This is especially true as more and more technology becomes involved
in our politics. But for now, the impact of digital espionage and the
digitalscape on the most recent election cycle is questionable at
best.
In
examining the digitalscape and its potential impacts on our election
process and politics, it seems clear the effects of digital media and
resources are not the bane of politics. They are, like other
resources, a tool which can be manipulated to take advantage of an
audience, just as other media sources, historically, were manipulated
to the same effect. If digital media, social media, and digital
espionage aren’t the express cause behind our election failings and
political strife, that begs the question of what is to be blamed?
US
politics is plagued by a dichotomy setup between progressive and
regressive ideology. It is important to recognize this dichotomy when
examining the social motivations of political parties that inhabit
either ideology. Vague as this notion may seem, it derives from two
very different political demographics that exist in the US
population. If the demographics are examined as to who voted for
which party, Democratic vs Republican, there is a disparity between
the majority of voters who vote for liberal political platforms and
voters who vote for conservative political platforms. Minority
groups, such as; women, the LGBTQ, African-Americans, Latinos, and
non-Christians tend to vote for liberal platforms and therein
progressive politicians, while men, and especially Caucasian men,
tend to vote conservative. This dichotomy drives policy changes
which directly impact who can vote and when. Leading up to the 2016
election-cycle many regressive laws were passed with the specific
purpose of curtailing minority voters. Voter ID laws, restrictions on
early voting, reduction in poll locations, restrictions in polling
times, unlawful purging of voting rolls; all of these efforts were
instituted by conservative run state governments with the express
intent in reducing voter turnout.
The state of
Wisconsin (author note: my home state) instituted some of the
strictest Voter ID-laws. In the past, student IDs issued by the
University of Wisconsin were acceptable IDs for voting. It so happens
one of the largest liberal voting demographics in Wisconsin are
university students. In an effort to curtail their voter turnout, the
conservative majority in the state assembly, at the direction of Gov.
Scott Walker, changed the ID requirements and changed the process in
obtaining state issued IDs that met those requirements. While the ID
law was challenged in court, ultimately it remained instituted. The
University of Wisconsin reacted by changing their IDs to meet the
standards, and in reaction, the governor's office issued a new edict
with further restrictions. The new process of obtaining a state ID,
which made it so all state IDs have to be processed in one location
and mailed out with a turn around time of up to one month, meant many
people seeking a state ID for the sole purpose of voting could not
obtain the necessary IDs in time to vote. Furthermore, the necessary
identification papers were changed for obtaining a state ID, such
that many people were deterred from voting because they no longer had
the necessary paperwork to obtain the required ID.
The case of
Christine Krucki, a lifelong voter, went viral this year (2016). Born
in 1925, she’s voted in nearly every election since she was first
able to in 1948. At 90 years old she moved to Wisconsin with no
functional IDs. She’d let her Illinois driver’s license expire,
as she didn’t drive anymore. Despite having the expired license, a
bank statement, and insurance statement proving her identity and
residency, the Wisconsin DMV would not issue her an ID. This happened
in 2013 after the first new ID laws went into affect. Despite an ACLU
backed lawsuit, retrieval of her birth certificate, marriage license,
and attempts to amend documents to reflect marital name changes, the
Wisconsin DMV still refused to issue her an ID. 2016 was the first
election in her lifetime where she didn’t vote.
Krucki isn’t
an anomaly either, The Nation
published an article in September of this year (2016) titled
Wisconsin Is Systematically Failing to Provide the Photo
IDs Required to Vote in November detailing
the illegal refusal by the Wisconsin DMV to provide IDs to two
African-American voters, Zack Moore and Claudell Boyd.
Patrick Marley, a journalist at the Milwaukee Sentinel, reported in
his October 3rd
article DMV workers at 7 more stations give wrong voter ID
info,
that several DMV employees
deliberately mislead and misinformed voters seeking an ID as to how
and what was needed to obtain state IDs. It should come as no
surprise that “Democrats on the Joint Committee for Review of
Administrative Rules proposed holding an emergency legislative
session to eliminate the voter-ID law before the election, but
Republicans blocked it on a party-line vote” (Berman, footnote 3).
Obstruction by regressive politicians with the aim of retaining their
political power played a major role in the 2016 election-cycle
outcome.
If it appears voting is being made impossible, to
understand why, requires a close examination of causal forces behind
why people don’t vote. In some cases it is simply they can’t,
because of laws and policies preventing them from voting. In other
cases it’s because of misinformation, or a sense of being
disenfranchised by politicians with a specific agenda; all of which
deter voters from participating. The digitalscape, through which many
people obtain information, only serves as another media tool. Like
all media outlets there are limitations, benefits, and hindrances
that come with digital media sources. In this respect, digital media
is not to blame for the issues surrounding elections. It is not
making voting impossible. What is making voting harder, and what is
making politics harder, are the direct efforts by politicians to
hinder voters and directly effect voter turnout through oppressive
regulations.
In spite of the
malign fake-news and
click-bait stories designed to garner attention and ad-revenue, many
sources remained faithful to the facts. It is through the continued
reliance on existing political ploys, designed to take advantage of
preconceived notions and confirmation bias held by the voting
populace, that influenced voter mentality. The unwillingness to
fact-check and substantiate claims remains the same, despite the
readily available sources that fact-check politicians and news. In
effect, it is not the plethora of news sources available on the
internet inflating dishonest news stories that is the problem. Rather
it is the long standing attitude of voters to side with politicians
who affirm their preconceived beliefs that enabled voter suppression
seen during this the 2016 election process.
It is true this
year saw the advent of digital espionage, which continues to be an
outlier in the digitalscape, in both its scope and ability to affect
elections. The potential danger of digital espionage remains to be
realized as it has only served as a backdrop to existing historical
precedence in regards to leaked material. Even so, the impact of the
leaked material seems minimal in comparison to gerrymandering and
rigging of elections through new policies and laws designed with the
express purpose of deterring minority groups from participating in
politics. The arguments that Russia influenced the election, aiding
Donald Trump to a win, is a palpable option for voters who are
unwilling to blame themselves for the Democrat’s loss. Yet, this
narrative is not without some merit, and is hardly solely the result
of digital media propagated through social outlets like Facebook and
Twitter.
In part, a
solution to the current difficulties centered on our election
processes, both at the state level and Federal, and in both
Congressional elections and Presidential elections, involve the
enabling of voting for all eligible voters. Solutions need to be
reflected in laws and policies that directly affect voter access to
polls. The removal or reformation of ID laws, changing the electoral
college to reflect population density rather than state size,
increased poll locations, longer early voting periods, and better
voting registration, are all needed changes that would guarantee fair
representation.
The
biggest hurdle in our election process is the participation of well
informed voters, who are capable of making the crucial decisions
regarding our governance and leadership. Fake news and social media
may cloud the pool of information, but it is a benign water-strider
floating on the surface of already poisoned murky waters comprised of
political propaganda. When our laws are not based on facts, but
preconceived notions, emotional responses, and the political agenda
of a given party, they cease to serve the people. When people vote
for politicians who support unconstitutional laws, that is what makes
politics impossible.
[Meta-text: I
decided to focus on the US election in response to the prompt because
it embodies the nature of digital technologies and how we interact
today. It exemplifies the nature of the issue questioned, even if the
subject is narrow. The same forces that drive backlash
and confirmation bias in other areas of governance drove the divide
in the 2016 US elections. Furthermore, the general issues I discussed
are transcendental when it comes to politics, regardless of the
country or tier of government. What we learned from the US elections
is any person or party with an agenda can use media to obscure the
truth and twist facts, and they can do so with ever increasing
certainty their message will be heard when they use the internet.
Yet, when it comes to governance and politics, it isn’t
disinformation at fault for the difficulties faced, but rather issues
revolving around how people learn, understand, and accept given
beliefs. If the populace were to simply ask questions and maintain
skepticism of the claims made by politicians, misinformation (however
reported or disseminated) would lose the power to sway people.]